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In This Report

•	Highlights
•	Introduction
•	Complications
•	Symptoms
•	Lifestyle Changes
•	Medications
•	Resources
•	References

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•	Osteoporosis

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•	Hormone replacement therapy...
•	Menopause
•	Aging changes in the female...

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Menopause

Highlights

New Research

Soy. Soy products may reduce bone loss, particularly in young menopausal women. Researchers are not sure whether isoflavones, a chemical found in soy, are responsible for the apparent benefit. Soy may also reduce a woman’s risk of endometrial cancer and decrease plaque-related build up that leads to Alzheimer’s disease.

Alcohol. Moderate wine consumption appears to boost bone mineral density (BMD) in men and women, respectively. Study findings released in late 2004 revealed that postmenopausal women who drank one to two glasses of wine daily improved their hip BMD by 5%. Resveratrol, a substance found in grapes and wine, may benefit bones.

Raloxifene. Raloxifene (Evista) can reduce invasive breast cancer recurrence by two-thirds in postmenopausal women.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). Although HRT appears to reduce the risk of bone fractures, experts say its benefits to bone don’t outweigh its risks. Studies have found that HRT can increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and dementia. A recent study found that patients on HRT also have poorer stroke outcomes.

Celiac disease. Researchers reporting in the Archives of Internal Medicine have found that patients with osteoporosis have a higher risk for celiac disease, a hereditary intolerance to the glutein protein found in wheat. The finding suggests that osteoporosis patients should be screened for the disease.

Drug Approvals

Alendronate (Fosamax) is now available in a once-a-week pill that also contains vitamin D.

Ibandronate (Boniva) now comes in a once-a-month dose.

Medication Risks

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can offer relief from menopause symptoms, but they should be used with caution and under the advice of a doctor. Certain NSAIDs may increase one’s risk for cardiovascular problems and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Symptoms of Menopause may include:

• Hot flashes
• Night sweats
• Insomnia
• Mood swings
• Irregular vaginal bleeding or menstrual periods
• Vaginal dryness
• Decreased sex drive

Introduction

The ovaries contain between 200,000 and 400,000 follicles, tiny sacks contain the materials needed to produce mature eggs, or ova. The ovaries produce two major female hormones: estrogen and progesterone.

The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the female pelvis between the bladder and rectum. The ovaries produce the eggs that travel through the fallopian tubes. Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.

Estrogen. Estrogens have an effect on about 300 different tissues throughout a woman's body:

• They are essential for the reproductive process and for the development of the female organs.
• Estrogens determine the characteristic female distribution of body fat on the hips and thighs, which develops during adolescence.
• They also are involved in tissues in the central nervous system (including the brain), the bones, the liver, and the urinary tract.

Estrogen also has different forms:

• The most potent form is estradiol.
• The other important, but less powerful, estrogens are estrone and estriol.

Most of the estrogens in the body are produced by the ovaries, but they can also be formed by other tissues, such as body fat, skin, and muscle.

Progesterone. Progesterone, the other major female hormone, is necessary for thickening and preparing the uterine lining for the fertilized egg.

Menopause and Perimenopause

As a woman ages, her supply of eggs declines. Menopause occurs naturally after the woman's supply of follicles has been depleted and menstruation ends completely. (Menopause may also be induced if the ovaries are surgically removed.)

Perimenopause. Menopause does not occur suddenly. A period called perimenopause usually begins a few years before the last menstrual cycle. Some experts believe there are three stages in the transition:

• Early Stage. The beginning of perimenopause can begin in some women in their thirties, but most often it starts between ages 40 and 44. It is marked by changes in menstrual flow and in the length of the cycle. There may be sudden surges in estrogen.
• Middle Stage. In the middle cycle, periods become irregular but they are not skipped.
• Late Stage. In the late stages, women begin missing the periods until they finally stop. About six months before menopause estrogen levels drop significantly. The fall in estrogen triggers the typical symptoms of vaginal dryness and hot flashes (which can last from half a year to more than five years after onset of menopause).

Menopause. At the point at which menopause occurs, the following hormonal changes occur:

• Ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone ends.
• Once the ovaries have stopped producing estrogens, however, they still continue to produce small amounts of the male hormone testosterone, which can be converted to estrogen (i.e., estradiol) in body fat.
• In addition, the adrenal gland continues to produce androstenedione (a male hormone), which is converted to estrone and estradiol in the body fat.

Click the icon to see an image of the adrenal glands.

• The total estrogen produced after menopause, however, is far less than that produced during a woman's reproductive years.

The average age of women at menopause today is 51.4 years (although it can occur as early as 40 to as late as the early 60s). Women now have a life expectancy of more than 80 years. Currently, women can expect to live some 30 or 40 years of their life in the postmenopausal state.

Menopause is not a disease. However, many conditions are associated with estrogen depletion, including heart disease, osteoporosis, and other problems. Fortunately, effective treatments are available for these conditions.

In a number of studies, most women have reported menopause as a positive experience and have welcomed it with relief and as a sign of a new stage in life. One study found no link between menopause and a woman's state of mind. In fact, middle-aged women overwhelmingly reported satisfaction with their home and work lives.

Complications

After a woman reaches menopause, her average life expectancy is 30 years. During those years, however, she faces certain health risks due to lower levels of estrogen that cause accelerated bone loss and an increase in LDL cholesterol (the so-called bad cholesterol). Her risks for serious disorders are estimated at 46% for heart disease, 20% for stroke, and 15% for hip fracture. In addition, about 8% of people over 75 have dementia, with postmenopausal women having 1.4 to three times the risk for Alzheimer's disease compared to men.

Effects on the Heart

Heart disease is the number one killer of women. In 2002, more than 480,000 women died from diseases of the heart and circulation (cardiovascular diseases). Although young women have a much lower risk for cardiovascular disease than young men, after menopause women catch up, so that after age 51 their risk of dying of heart disease is very close to that of men. Estrogen loss is believed to play a major role in this increased risk. Estrogen has the following effects:

• Positive Effects on Cholesterol and Other Lipids (Fats in the Blood). About two years before menopause, as estrogen levels begin to decline, the levels of the harmful low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol begin to rise and the advantageous high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels decrease.
• Positive Effect on Blood Flow. Estrogen has significant effects on smoothing, relaxing, and opening blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow and reducing pressure.
• Antioxidant Actions. Estrogen is also an antioxidant. That is, it helps clean up particles called oxygen-free radicals that are released by natural chemical processes in the body, which can cause significant damage, including harm to the arteries.
• Mixed Effects on Blood Pressure. The effects of estrogen on blood pressure are not clear. Oral contraceptives, for instance, which contain estrogen, appear to increase pressure slightly.

Blood pressure is the force applied against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood through the body. The pressure is determined by the force and amount of blood pumped and the size and flexibility of the arteries.

• Mixed Effects on Blood Clotting. Estrogen affects many blood-clotting factors in the liver: It reduces blood viscosity (stickiness) and may enhance fibrinolysis, the natural process for breaking down blood clots. Unfortunately, estrogen also has other actions that increase the risk for blood clots. Women who take hormone replacement therapy are at risk for thromboembolism -- blood clots that block a vessel.

Click the icon to see an image of thromboembolism.

• This action may explain the higher rates of adverse heart events now observed in women with heart disease who take HRT.

Effect of Menopause on Bone Density

Osteoporosis is a disease of the skeleton in which bones become brittle and prone to fracture. In other words, the bone loses density. At age 65, about 30% of women have osteoporosis, and nearly all of them are unaware of their condition. After age 80, up to 70% of women develop osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a major risk factor for fracture in the spine and hip. The lifetime risk of spinal fracture in women is about one in three and that for hip fracture is one in six. Furthermore, between 10% and 20% of women who experience a hip fracture die within a year and about 25% require nursing home treatment.

Click the icon to see an image of osteoporosis.

Experts are still puzzled by the extreme speed-up of bone breakdown (resorption) after menopause. Estrogen may have an impact on bone density in various ways:

• Estrogen's most important effect on osteoporosis appears to be prevention of bone break down (resorption). Some research suggests that estrogen may control the life span of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for bone breakdown.
• One study reported that part of estrogen's beneficial actions may involve maintaining normal levels of vitamin D, an important nutrient in bone protection.

Risk factors for osteoporosis include:

• Being tall and thin.
• Being Caucasian.
• Smoking.
• Taking thyroid hormone.
• Being sedentary.
• Early menopause or surgical menopause (removal of ovaries).

Women at risk for osteoporosis should have a bone density test to measure their bone mass and then make a decision about treatment after consulting their physician.

Estrogen Loss and Mental Decline

Estrogen, the primary female hormone, appears to have properties that protect against the memory loss and lower mental functioning associated with normal aging. Among estrogen's effects on the brain are the following:

• Laboratory studies suggested that estrogen may help block production of beta-amyloid, the source of the sticky plaques found in Alzheimer's brains.
• Estrogen may trigger the temporary growth of nerve pathways in the memory portion of the brain.
• Estrogen may stimulate production of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin, which are depleted in Alzheimer's patients.
• Estrogen also appears to smooth, relax, and open blood vessels, which may help blood flow in the brain.
• Estrogen is also an antioxidant. That is, it helps clean up free-oxygen radicals, the unstable particles thought to play a role in Alzheimer's.
• Studies have been mixed on the association between natural estrogen levels and mental functioning in older women. For example, one 2001 study reported no association between a higher risk for dementia and a longer reproductive life in women, suggesting that longer exposure to estrogen did protect against mental decline. On the other hand, a 2002 study reported poorer mental status in women with lower levels of estrogen.

Gum Disorders and Tooth Loss

Estrogen therapy has been associated with reduced gum bleeding and with decreased bone loss around the teeth, and women who take estrogen are less likely to lose their teeth. Thus, the same principle that helps prevent bone loss in osteoporosis is also at work in preventing bone loss in the mouth.

Eye Disorders

Estrogen, progesterone, or both appear to protect against cataracts.

Click the icon to see an image of a cataract.

Studies are also indicating that estrogen helps prevent glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Click the icon to see an image of glaucoma.

Click the icon to see an image of macular degeneration.

Incontinence

The drop in body estrogen levels brought on by menopause may contribute to both stress and urge incontinence.

Wrinkles

Some evidence exists that estrogen may help prevent slackness and dryness in the skin and even reduce wrinkles.

Urinary Tract Infections

Women are at increased risk for recurrent urinary tract infections after menopause. Researchers suggest that estrogen may resist infection by increasing the number of lactobacilli, a microorganism that fights infection by preventing bacteria from adhering to vaginal cells. (Studies are finding that vaginal creams or rings containing estrogen dramatically lower the incidence of recurring infections. It is not clear whether taking oral estrogen has the same benefit. Some studies, in fact, reported a higher incidence of urinary tract infections in women taking oral estrogen.)

Sleep Disorders

Menopause is associated with more sleeping problems, including inability to fall asleep and nighttime wakefulness.

Symptoms

The most prominent symptoms of menopause tend to be the following:

• Hot flashes and night sweats. Women often experience hot flashes as an intense build-up in body heat, followed by sweating and chills. Some women report accompanying anxiety as the sensation builds. In most cases hot flashes resolve within two years of menopause, although in some women they may persist for years.
• Heart pounding or racing can occur, with or independent from hot flashes.
• Difficulty sleeping. Insomnia is also common during menopause; it may be caused by the hot flashes or it may be an independent symptom of hormonal changes.
• Mood changes. Mood changes are most likely to be a combination of sleeplessness, hormonal swings, and psychologic factors as a woman undergoes this intense passage in her life. Once a woman has reached a menopausal state, however, depression is no more common than before, and women with a history of premenstrual depression often experience significant mood improvement.
• Sexuality. Sexual responsiveness tends to decline in most women after menopause, although other aspects of sexual function, including interest, frequency, and vaginal dryness vary. It is useful to remember that the symptoms of menopause eventually go away.
• Forgetfulness. This appears to be one of the few symptoms that are common across most cultural and ethnic groups.
• Urine leakage.
• Vaginal dryness.
• Joint stiffness.

Women from different ethnic and or cultural groups report different menopausal symptoms. For example, in one study hot flashes occurred in about 30% of Caucasians and 45% of African-Americans. Hispanic women tended to complain of urine leakage, vaginal dryness, and heart pounding. Japanese and Chinese women experienced far fewer menopausal symptoms, except for forgetfulness. All groups complained about this symptom.

Over-the-Counter Medications

NSAIDs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include the common painkillers aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) among many others, and they may be sufficient for relief of menopausal symptoms. Taking aspirin or any NSAID on a regular basis can increase the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding, and therefore any decision to take such medications regularly should be discussed with a physician.

Lubricants for Vaginal Dryness. For vaginal dryness, moisturizers, and non-estrogen lubricants, such as KY Jelly, Replens, and Astroglide are available. (Frequent sexual activity helps preserve the lining of the vagina and maintain an acidic environment to protect against infection.)

Vitamin E. Vitamin E supplements may help some women with hot flashes.

Alternative Therapies

There are many unproved methods for alleviating menopausal symptoms, some more effective than others. Acupuncture, meditation, and relaxation techniques are all harmless ways to reduce the stress of menopause and some people report great benefit from these practices.

Acupuncture, hypnosis and biofeedback are all alternative ways to control pain. Acupuncture involves the insertion of tiny sterile needles, slightly thicker than a human hair, at specific points on the body.

Many women also try herbal or so-called natural remedies. Some may have proven benefits, but others have no value and can have adverse side effects.

The following agents are sometimes use for menopausal symptoms and carry certain risks:

• Black cohosh (also known as Cimicifuga racemosa or squaw root) contains a plant estrogen and has been the herbal remedy most studied for menopausal symptoms. In one major review of alternative therapies for menopausal symptoms, black cohosh was the only one that showed any significant benefits. Black cohosh has been used for decades in Germany and appears to be safe, but because its actions resemble estrogen, well-conducted clinical studies are needed to confirm both long-term safety and effectiveness. One study, for example, reported an association between black cohosh and cell proliferation in the uterus, which theoretically could increase cancer risk. Interestingly, one 2002 study that reported significant reduction in menopausal symptoms from a cohosh preparation did not find that the agent produced any estrogen-like effects. Headaches and gastrointestinal problems are common side effects. At this time experts do not recommend taking it for more than six months.
• Flaxseed, like soy, contains phytoestrogens and is being studied for possible benefits. A study of women with high cholesterol levels reported that flaxseed improved menopausal symptoms and reduced some risk factors for diabetes. However, it had no significant effect on cholesterol levels. Others have reported beneficial effects on cholesterol, although more evidence is required to confirm any of these findings. Flaxseed has no effect on bone density, and long-term safety of flaxseed ingestion is not known. Animal and laboratory studies suggest flaxseed helps block growth factors involved with breast cancers.
• Dong quai does not act like an estrogen but appears to contain B vitamins, anti-inflammatory factors, muscle relaxants, and possibly progesterone-like substances. Although sometimes used for menopausal symptoms, most studies do not report any significant benefits. Dong quai should not be used with blood-thinning agents, such as warfarin. It may also increase the risk of skin cancers.
• Ginseng has hormonal qualities and should not be used with estrogen. It has also been associated with a hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and a higher risk for uterine bleeding. In addition, a great number of ginseng products have been found to contain little or no ginseng. Of particular concern are reports of pesticide and other toxic contaminants in many ginseng products. In one analysis, only nine out of 22 brands did not contain major contaminants. Among the brands that did not contain contaminants were Celestial Seasoning, Centrum, Ginsana, Walgreen's, and Root to Health American Ginseng.
• Kava. Some evidence suggests that kava may relieve anxiety in some people. It is not generally considered unsafe, however, there are reports of liver failure and death from this medication, with highest risk in those with liver disease. Other side effects include itchy, scaly skin, muscle weakness, and problems with coordination. It also interacts dangerously with certain medications, including alprazolam, an anti-anxiety drug. And it increases the potency of certain other drugs, including other sleep medications, alcohol, and antidepressants.
• Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a weak male hormone secreted by the adrenal gland and is available over the counter. There are some claims that it improves psychological well being, mental function, and bone density. The hormone may, however, reduce HDL (the so-called good cholesterol) when taken in doses higher than 50 mg and its effect on cancer-cell growth is unknown, with some evidence indicating that high levels may increase the risk. In any case, DHEA is not regulated and brands vary widely in their content.

Lifestyle Changes

Everyone should maintain a healthy diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low in saturated fats (found in dairy and animal products) and trans-fatty acids (found in shortening, commercial baked goods, and hard margarines). Reducing salt intake is also important as people age.

Whole Grains, Fresh Fruits, and Vegetables

Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and legumes (beans and peas) contain fiber and many nutrients that are important for the heart and overall health. Of note, vitamin supplements are not recommended in place of healthy foods. Research is increasingly suggesting that high supplement doses, even of vitamins E and C, may have harmful effects.

Mineral-Rich Fruits and Vegetables. Studies specifically suggest that diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables are high in potassium and magnesium and can help preserve bones. Many of these foods also help protect against heart disease and cancers. Potassium-rich fruits include bananas, oranges, prunes, and cantaloupes, and vegetables that contain potassium include carrots, spinach, celery, alfalfa, mushrooms, lima beans, potatoes, avocados and broccoli. Foods rich in magnesium include dairy products, spinach, potatoes, beets, nuts, sole, and halibut.

Avoid Fast Foods and Limiting Salts. Reducing salt is important for protecting both the heart and the bones. High sodium intake interferes with calcium retention. Limiting table salt is not sufficient, since most salt in the Western diet comes from fast foods and commercial food products. Such foods are often also high in dangerous fats called trans-fatty acids and are harmful to the heart.

Effects of Fiber. Fiber is important for the heart. Of some concern are reports of estrogen loss with high amounts of wheat bran (but not oat or corn) and calcium loss with any high-fiber diet. Calcium supplements can help offset this effect.

Protein from Soy and Animals

Some studies report a lower risk for diseases associated with estrogen and a high intake of so-called plant estrogens (phytoestrogens), which are generally categorized as isoflavones (found in soy and red clover) and lignans (found in whole wheat and flaxseed). At this time there is insufficient evidence on the benefits and risks of phytoestrogens to recommend them as an to approach menopausal health. Nevertheless, foods containing them may be healthful.

Soy is of particular interest, however. It is rich in both soluble and insoluble fiber, healthy fatty acids, and provides all essential proteins. Soy products, many of which contain calcium, are widely available. The following are some forms and the amount of soy they contain:

• Four ounces of tofu equals about eight to 13 grams of soy.
• A soy burger contains about 18 grams of soy.
• Soy powders, soluble in juice or milk, that list amounts of isoflavones per serving are now available in health food stores. Be sure the soy powder is taken from the complete soy protein.

Soy appears to have numerous effects on the body, many positive but some potentially negative ones as well. For example, supplements containing specific isoflavones found in soy--typically the estrogen-like compounds genistein and daidzein--do not appear to provide any benefits compared to the whole soy protein. Taking them separately may, in fact, cause harm, including a possible increase in estrogen-related cancers or a drop in white blood cells in infants. (Studies suggesting this have used animals or laboratory evidence. To date, there is no evidence of harm for humans who eat soy products.) More research is needed.

Effect on Menopausal Symptoms. Studies have been mixed on whether soy relieves menopausal symptoms. One report suggested that if it did have any benefits, they were short lived.

Effects on the Heart. A number of studies have indicated that subjects who consume at least 25 grams of soy protein improve cholesterol levels. Not all studies are consistent about particular effects, but the majority shows improvements in at least one of the cholesterol components. (Soy diets may also reduce high blood pressure in men, although not in women.) Powdered whole soy protein that contains at least 60 mg of isoflavones may provide similar benefits.

Effect on Bone. The role of protein in osteoporosis is not entirely clear. An important 2000 study confirmed earlier reports that adequate protein is important for bone health. Other studies have also reported thinner bones in people who were deficient in protein. Investigators are trying to determine benefits, if any, from either animal or vegetable protein.

• Animal protein has been associated with bone loss in some studies, but a 2002 study reports a protective role from animal protein. Of note, oily fish (salmon, mackerel, fresh tuna, herring) are high in vitamin D, which is bone protective. (Note: American brands of tuna generally contain no significant amounts of vitamin D.)

Omega-3 fatty acids, found plentifully in oily fish and flaxseed and canola oils, are beneficial to people afflicted with IBD (inflammatory bowel disease).

• The same 2002 study that reported bone protection with animal protein, found a greater risk for bone loss with higher intake of vegetable protein. However, studies on soy, perhaps the most important vegetable protein, have suggested some protection against bone loss. Soy is high in estrogen-like plant chemicals called isoflavones, which may actually improve bone health in older women. A 2005 review of 15 clinical trials found that, although the results were mixed, isoflavones appeared to decrease bone loss, especially in younger postmenopausal women. Soy food products, such as tofu, that also contain calcium may be particularly beneficial. In such cases 3 ounces of tofu supply 60% of daily calcium requirements. Some experts recommend 25 to 45 milligrams of isoflavones a day. There is still no strong evidence supporting soy's protection, however. It is not yet clear, for example, if the benefits reported are simply because women who eat soy tend to have a healthier lifestyles in general. Although it’s unclear whether isoflavones alone or isoflavones with soy protein protect bone, a 2004 study did find that the isolated form of isoflavone significantly reduced bone loss in postmenopausal women.

The effect of protein on bone is complicated, however, and laboratory studies suggest that high protein intake may increase calcium loss. And indeed some studies have reported higher bone loss associated with a high intake of protein, particularly when calcium or potassium intake was low. Of particular, note, there is some evidence that popular high-protein low-carbohydrate diets, such as the Atkins diet, may cause osteoporosis. The bottom line may be that in order for protein to be protective, or even not harmful, individuals should also eat plenty of mineral-rich foods. In any case, the best sources of protein for bone protection are oily fish and soy.

Effects on Cancer. The effects of phytoestrogens on cancer are less clear. In general, Asian women have a lower incidence of reproductive and breast cancers as well as a higher intake of soy. A 2000 study of 120 Asian women reported an association between high levels of soy compounds in the urine and a lower risk for breast cancer, as much as 50% lower. A 2005 study of Asian Americans found that soy intake during adolescence was associated with a lower risk for breast cancer in adulthood. A 2001 Chinese study found that regular consumption of soy reduced the risk of endometrial cancer. The effects of phytoestrogens, however, in all cases are far from settled. Of concern are studies that report breast cell proliferation with low levels of genistein (one of the important isoflavones compounds in soy). In one study, the compound actually reversed the protective properties in tamoxifen, which is used to prevent breast cancer in high-risk women. In general, women at risk for breast cancer should avoid consuming large amounts of plant products with high levels of phytoestrogens until more is known about their effects.  More research is needed on the effects of soy on breast and reproductive cancers.

Effects on the Brain. A 2004 animal study reported that soy appeared to protect the brain against plaque build-up associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Of concern, however, was a study of older men that found an association between a high intake of tofu in middle age with later mental decline and brain atrophy, a finding that researchers were at a loss to explain. In general, any evidence on the effects of soy on menopause symptoms is weak, with some studies reporting no benefits. More clinical trials on soy are necessary before conclusions about its myriad effects can be drawn, and experts say it is too early to recommend soy as a replacement for estrogen.

Fats

Benefits of Fats and Oils. Although no one wants to be overweight, even a slight excess of fat helps protect bones. In fact, in one 2000 study, women who ate more fat in their diet were, on average, better able to absorb calcium than were women who had been put on a low-fat, high-fiber diet. Fats that contain fish oil or oils, such as olive or canola, may also be healthy for the heart.

Dangers of Fats and Oils. Everyone should avoid saturated fats (found in animal products) and trans-fatty acids (found in hydrogenated fats, fast foods and commercial products). And of course, women should be aware that all fats, regardless of the type, are high in calories. No one should over-eat any fat or oil.

Click the icon to see an image of saturated fats.

Click the icon to see an image of trans-fatty acids.

Calcium and Vitamin D

Calcium. Women should be sure they have sufficient calcium and vitamin D in their diet by consuming low-fat dairy products or calcium-enriched orange juice. The standard recommended dose for older people is between 1000 and 1500 mg per day, depending on risk factors. Even doses of 1000 mg may help preserve bone in many postmenopausal women without osteoporosis, especially during winter months (when bone loss is greatest). In women who have already experienced osteoporosis-related fractures, however, 1000 mg daily may not add any protective benefits without bone-building medication. Calcium citrate (Citracal) is better absorbed than many other calcium compounds and was the first reported calcium supplement to preserve bone density after menopause.

Click the icon to see an image of the benefits of calcium.

High doses (over 2,500 mg per day) of calcium supplements may increase the risk for kidney stones. (Because many commercial foods are now fortified with calcium, this upper limit may be easier to reach than people think.)

Click the icon to see an image of calcium sources.

Vitamin D. Vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of calcium in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract and is the essential companion to calcium in maintaining strong bones.

Vitamin D is manufactured in the skin using energy from the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. It can also be obtained from dietary supplements. As a person ages, vitamin D levels decline. They also fall during winters months and when people have inadequate sunlight. Pollution may also contribute to less sunlight and declining vitamin D levels.

Click the icon to see an image of vitamin D sources.

Current adult guidelines recommend the following:

• 400 IU (10 mcg) for people between ages 50 and 60.
• 600 IU (15 mcg) for those over 70 who do not have sufficient exposure to sunlight.

Drinking milk fortified with vitamin D and sunlight exposure supply most people's need for vitamin D. (One cup of whole milk provides about 100 IU of vitamin D.) Oily fish (sardines especially, also salmon, fresh tuna, mackerel) are also important dietary sources of vitamin D. Of concern, however, is the increasing use of sunscreen to prevent skin cancers and the intake of milk products (such as yogurt and skim milk) that may have little vitamin D. People who need to avoid sunlight and whose diet is low in foods that contain vitamin D should take supplements. People with darker skin are at higher risk for deficiencies than those with whiter skin. (Note: vitamin D is toxic in high doses, and no one should exceed the recommended daily intake of vitamin D except under the direction of a physician.) It should be noted that some studies suggest that vitamin D agents can protect against osteoporosis only in combination with calcium and that they do not appear to be protective in isolation.

Caffeinated Beverages

Tea. Tea may have a very positive effect on the heart. Although it contains caffeine, it also is rich in flavonoids and other substances that offer protection against damaging forms of LDL. A 2002 study also suggested that drinking tea regularly may help protect bones. Green tea is often cited for its health benefits, but black tea may also be beneficial. In one study, higher intake of black tea, particularly by women, was associated with a reduced risk for severe coronary artery disease. Tea also contains folic acid, which reduces homocysteine levels, a possible factor in coronary artery disease.

Coffee. Some evidence suggests that, coffee, like red wine, contains phenol, which helps prevent oxidation of LDL cholesterol. One study also suggests that it may boost estrogen levels. The caffeine in coffee may reduce a woman’s risk for Parkinson’s disease, suggests one study, but hormone-replacement therapy might block this benefit. One 10-year study reported the highest rates of fatal heart disease in non-coffee drinkers, and women who increased their coffee intake reduced mortality rates. Regular intake of coffee does have a harmful effect on blood pressure in people with existing hypertension. (Caffeine causes a temporary increase in blood pressure in everyone, an effect thought to be harmless in people with normal blood pressure.) Of note: Unfiltered coffee (Turkish coffee, Scandinavian boiled or French pressed coffee, and espresso) contains an alcohol called cafestol, which may raise cholesterol levels. Filtered coffee does not contain this residue.

Studies have been conflicting about the association between caffeine and low bone mass. In one trial, consumption of lots of coffee, nine or more cups per day, was associated with an increased risk of hip fractures in women, but not in men. Nevertheless, a 2001 animal study reported that coffee consumption did not cause bone loss. And other studies suggest that when calcium intake is sufficient, coffee does not harm bones.

Note: The enhancing effects of coffee on estrogen may be harmful for women with risk factors for breast or ovarian cancer or premenopausal women with estrogen-related disorders, such as endometriosis.

Alcohol

Effect on the Heart. One drink a day in women who are not at risk for alcohol abuse may be beneficial for the heart. Red wine in particular contains a substance called resveratrol, which is classified as a phytoestrogen and has estrogen-like effects.

Effect on Bones. Alcohol has different effects on bones depending on how much is consumed. A 2004 study found that moderate wine consumption was linked to improved bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Alcohol, in moderate amounts, may increase estrogen levels. Excessive drinking, however, has been associated with brittle bones.

Effect on Breast Cancer. Women who drink face an increased risk for breast cancer, but the risk associated with mild to moderate drinking is small.

Controlling Weight Gain

Many women need to increase physical activity and reduce caloric intake before and after menopause. Weight gain is common during these years, and it can be sudden and distressing, particularly when habitual exercise and eating patterns are no longer effective in controlling weight. Gaining weight around the abdomen (the so-called apple shape) is a specific risk factor for heart disease and diabetes and many other health problems.

Click the icon to see an image of different types of weight gain.

Exercise

For protection against all aging diseases, women, whether or not they are taking hormone replacement therapy, should pursue a lifestyle that includes a balanced aerobic and weight resistance exercise program appropriate to their age and medical conditions. Brisk walking, stair climbing, hiking, dancing, and tai chi are all helpful. One study reported that exercise alleviated hot flashes. In another study, a healthy diet plus regular, consistent exercise helped ward off the weight gain associated with the menopause. Weight-bearing exercises are specifically helpful for protecting against bone less. A recently designed successful program for older women employs weighted vests instead of traditional weights. In a 2001 study, after more than five years women on the program lost less than 1% of hip bone mass compared to 3.8% in women not on the program.

Quit Smoking

If a woman smokes, she should quit. Smoking is linked to a decline in estrogen levels. Women who smoke experience menopause about two years earlier than nonsmokers. Smoking doubles a woman’s odds of developing coronary heart disease and is a major risk factor for osteoporosis.

Medications

Statins inhibit the liver enzyme hMG-CoA reductase, which is used in the manufacturing of cholesterol. They may also benefit the heart by mechanisms beyond lowering cholesterol levels, but what these are exactly is as yet unknown. They are the most effective drugs for the treatment of high cholesterol and are now strongly recommended as the first choice for lipid-lowering treatment for older women with heart disease. They may have other benefits for women as well.

Specific Statin Drugs. The statins include the two groups:

• So-called natural statins, including lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), and simvastatin (Zocor). The natural statins are generally administered once a day; they should be taken in the evening because most cholesterol synthesis occurs between midnight and 3 AM. If more intensive treatment is required, a second, morning dose may be administered.
• Newer statins are fluvastatin (Lescol) atorvastatin (Lipitor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor). Some are taken twice a day. The newer agents may reduce LDL more effectively at equal doses to the natural statins, but more research is needed to confirm this.

All are effective and safe. All are approved for lowering LDL. Although at this time only lovastatin and pravastatin are approved for prevention of heart disease and stroke, studies are showing the same benefits in the others. The differences among them are currently under investigation.

Benefits of Statins. Their potential benefits for older women are the following:

• Heart Disease. Evidence now reports that statins effectively reduce the risk of major coronary events, including first and second heart attacks, in women as well as men with evidence of heart disease. Of particular interest was a 2002 study indicating that statins may help reduce the risk for heart events posed by HRT. Experts estimate a 25% to 30% reduction in mortality rates when patients take statins after a heart attack. (Some believe the decrease may even be greater.) A pair of 2005 studies found that aggressive statin therapy reduced the risk of coronary disease by lowering not only cholesterol, but also C-reactive protein, a component in arterial inflammation.

A heart attack or acute myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when one of the arteries that supplies the heart muscle becomes blocked. Blockage may be caused by spasm of the artery or by atherosclerosis with acute clot formation. The blockage results in damaged tissue and a permanent loss of contraction of this portion of the heart muscle.

• Stroke. Statins may also reduce the risk for stroke in patients with active heart disease and moderately high lipid levels. A 2005 study found that statins reduced the risk of brain damage and death after a stroke. (Only the natural statins have been studied, and their effect on stroke in patients with other risk factors is not yet known.)

Click the icon to see an image of stroke.

• Osteoporosis. There have been some reports and animal studies suggesting that statins may protect against bone loss in older women. It is not clear, however, if the statins themselves have properties that prevent osteoporosis or if any other cholesterol-lowering agents might be helpful. Few clinical trials have been published, to date, and more work is needed to confirm any effect on bones.
• Mental Decline. Of considerable interest are a number of studies now reporting a significantly lower risk for Alzheimer's disease in people who were taking specific statins. Those showing promise include lovastatin (Mevacor), pravastatin (Pravachol), and atorvastatin (Lipitor.) Other statins have not been associated with a lower risk for Alzheimer's. In fact, some researchers are concerned that certain statins that cross the blood-brain barrier may actually worsen Alzheimer's in people who already have it.

Adverse Effects of Statins. Side effects may include gastrointestinal discomfort, headaches, skin rashes, muscle aches, sexual dysfunction, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, constipation, and peripheral neuropathy (numbness or tingling in the hands and feet). Statins can affect the liver, so periodic liver function tests should be performed. They can also damage muscle tissue, particularly among Asians, and when combined with fibrates (other cholesterol lowering drugs). Kidney failure has also been reported among people taking statins. The risk, however, is very low compared to their benefits. Statins should never be taken by women during pregnancy or breast-feeding, and they must be used with extra caution by people with liver disease.

Statins may have some adverse interactions with other drugs, including other cholesterol-lowering agents. Grapefruit juice and sour oranges (found in marmalades and other condiments, not in juice) may increase their potency.

Selective Estrogen-Receptor Modulators (SERMs)

Drugs known as selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) have been designed to produce the benefits of estrogen, such as bone protection, without its risks. They are thought to act like estrogen in some tissues but behave like estrogen blockers (antiestrogens) in others.

Currently available SERMs include raloxifene (Evista) and tamoxifen (Nolvadex). Tibolone (Livial) is a synthetic hormone that acts more like a progestin. It has minimal side effects and patient compliance in clinical trials has been high. It is not yet available in the US. Other SERMs under investigation include lasofoxifene. They all have some common properties but may vary according to benefits and adverse effects.

Osteoporosis and SERMs. Raloxifene (Evista) is the first SERM to be approved for preventing spinal fractures. (It does not appear to have any protective effect on other fractures, including those in the hip.) Raloxifene appears to have fewer side effects than hormone replacement therapy and women tend to stay on it. Low-dose tamoxifen may reduce the risk for fractures, but it has not been approved for this purpose.

Heart Disease and SERMs. Raloxifene may have some benefits on cholesterol levels. A 2002 study further reported possible heart protection in women with existing heart disease, although the findings could have been due to chance. SERMs still pose a risk for deep vein blood clots, which may have long-term implications on heart problems. Longer studies are needed on possible risks and benefits.

Breast Cancer and SERMs. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is the best-studied SERM and is now being used to prevent breast cancer in high-risk women and to prevent recurrence in women who have been treated for breast cancer. Researchers investigating raloxifene announced in 2004 that the drug reduced the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women by 66% over an eight-year period.

Common Side Effects. Most SERMs do not relieve menopausal symptoms, and some exacerbate them. As with estrogen therapy, most SERMs increase the risk for blood clots. Tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, increases risk for uterine cancer. Tamoxifen is associated with worse mental function. Raloxifene studies are mixed, with an important 2001 study reporting no benefits.

Bisphosphonates

The bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast activity, increase bone mass, and are among the primary drugs against osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in people taking corticosteroids or hormonal agents that suppress estrogen. They are proving to reduce the risk of both spinal and hip fractures in women who have had prior bone breaks.

Brands. A number of bisphosphonates in different forms are available or under investigation.

• Alendronate (Fosamax) and risedronate (Actonel) are the standard oral bisphosphonates. Studies on both these agents are very favorable and report a reduction in spinal and hip fracture in people with osteoporosis. They also prevent osteoporosis in people taking corticosteroids. Both are taken orally on a daily or weekly basis. In 2005, the FDA approved a once-a-month dose of ibandronate (Boniva).
• An older oral bisphosphonate, etidronate (Didronel) can prevent early bone loss in menopausal women, help prevent fractures, and protect against bone loss in patients receiving high doses of corticosteroids. Some studies have not found it as effective as alendronate, however.
• Injected bisphosphonates are pamidronate (Aredia), zoledronic acid (Zometa), and ibandronate. These are very powerful agents, which are used to treat cancer patients. Because injections do not cause gastrointestinal side effects these agents are also being studied for postmenopausal women. In such cases, it may be possible to administer injections very infrequently. For example some studies suggest that zoledronic may need to be injected only once a year to improve bone density.
• Investigative bisphosphonates include clodronate and tiludronate. A 2001 study of clodronate reported that it prevented bone loss in patients with osteoporosis and helped prevent fractures.

Candidates. National Osteoporosis Foundation's guidelines recommend that the following people should take or consider bisphosphonates:

• Women with a below normal bone density of 2.5 SD or greater and who have no history of fractures should take bisphosphonates.
• Women with below-normal bone density 1 SD or more and have a history of fractures should consider bisphosphonates.

Alendronate has also now been approved for men with osteoporosis. Both alendronate and risedronate are approved for both men and women who take corticosteroids.

Side Effects. The most distressing side effects are gastrointestinal problems, particularly stomach cramps and heartburn, which are very common, occurring in nearly half of patients. Patients should strictly adhere to instructions for taking the drug (although gastrointestinal problems may still occur).

• It is generally recommended that alendronate and risedronate be taken on an empty stomach in the morning with 6 to 8 ounces of water (not juice or carbonated or mineral water).
• The patient should remain upright and not eat for 30 minutes after taking the pill.
• Anyone taking the drug that develops chest pain, heartburn, or difficulty swallowing should stop taking the drug and see the physician. (It should be noted, however, that patients who stop taking the drug because of GI symptoms may be able to safely resume taking a bisphosphonate.)

Long-Term Risk for Ulcers. Evidence to date suggests that agents do not harm the upper GI tract (the esophagus and throat). Of concern, however, are studies reporting a higher risk for long-term injury and ulcers in the stomach and small intestine. Some of these cases may be due to osteoporosis and other factors that also put women at risk for ulcers and bleeding.

Click the icon to see an image of an ulcer.

One 2002 study, however, reported a significantly higher risk for ulcers (38%) in people who regularly took both Fosamax and naproxen compared to either drug alone. (The risk for ulcers was 8% with Fosamax alone and 12% with naproxen alone.) Naproxen (e.g., Aleve) is one of the NSAIDs, which are common pain relievers used for many conditions. Others include aspirin and ibuprofen (Motrin IB, Advil, Nuprin, Rufen), naproxen, ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis KT). Long-term use of NSAIDs alone is known to increase the risk of ulcers, so both agents may have a double effect on the stomach lining. It is not known yet if the risks for these adverse actions are as high with other combinations. For example, ibuprofen may have a lower risk for ulcers than naproxen, and Actonel may have fewer adverse effects on the stomach than Fosamax. Because so many older people take NSAIDs regularly clarifying these effects is very important.

Other Adverse Effects. Risedronate was associated with higher risk for lung cancer in one study, although not in others. (This association has not been found with other bisphosphonates.) More research needed.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Based on early studies, many physicians used to believe that HRT might be beneficial for reducing the risk of heart disease and bone fractures caused by osteoporosis (thinning of the bones) in addition to treating menopausal symptoms. The results of a new study, called the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), has led physicians to revise their recommendations regarding HRT.

The WHI, started in 1993, has enrolled 161,809 women between the ages of 50-79 in 40 different medical centers. Part of the study was intended to examine the health benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy, including the risks of breast cancer, heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots.

In July 2002, one component of the WHI, which studied the use of estrogen and progestin in women who had a uterus, was stopped early because the health risks exceeded the health benefits. The main reason for stopping the estrogen-progestin study was a 26% increase in breast cancer.

In March 2004, a second component of the WHI, which studied estrogen-only therapy in women who no longer have a uterus, was stopped early. This was primarily because of an increase in the risk for strokes. And other randomized clinical trials have linked HRT to an increased risk of heart attack and cognitive decline while conferring some protection against osteoporosis and colon cancer.

It should be noted that overall, these risks are still quite small. While the WHI study suggests that HRT should not be prescribed for prevention of chronic diseases, many physicians still accept its use for short-term treatment of moderate to severe hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms, and in women undergoing premature menopause for medical or other reasons.

Hormones Used in HRT. Hormone replacement therapy can either use estrogen alone (known as unopposed estrogen) or in combination with forms of progesterone (known as combined hormone therapy or HRT). Progesterone is referred to by one of several names:

• Progesterone is the name for the natural hormone.
• Progestin is the term for any agent, natural or synthetic, that causes progesterone effects.
• Progestogen is any agent that has effects similar to progesterone.

Both ERT and HRT are available in many forms, including oral tablets, skin patches, and vaginal and skin applications. A new form approved by the FDA in 2004 is a a topical estrogen gel which is applied to the arm.

Menopausal Symptoms and HRT. At this point HRT is mainly recommended for relieving menopausal symptoms, including vaginal atrophy and dryness, hot flashes, sleep problems, and mild depression. HRT does not prevent certain other problems associated with menopausal changes such as thinning hair.

Even short-term use of HRT poses some risk for blood clots and adverse heart events in some women. Furthermore, according to studies in 2002 and 2003, other than relieving hot flashes and other symptoms, taking HRT does not improve quality of life. In fact, in one study women who did not have hot flashes and took HRT generally had a worse quality of life, including fatigue and decline in physical functioning.

Oral hormonal medications and skin patches are equally effective in reducing hot flashes, mild depression, and sleep problems. Progestins may sometimes be prescribed alone for hot flashes and other acute menopausal symptoms, though they can cause side effects, such as mood swings, bloating, and breast tenderness. Estrogen creams, rings, or vaginal tablets restore vaginal elasticity and lubrication and improve sexual pleasure.

Osteoporosis and HRT. HRT may also be useful for some women at risk for osteoporosis, although other agents, such as bisphosphonates, should be considered first. It increases bone density and also appears to improve balance and protects against falling. Studies also report reductions in fractures (especially hip fractures) among women taking HRT, but the benefits may not outweigh the risks of HRT.  It appears that the beneficial effects wear off soon after therapy is stopped. Estrogen must be taken life long for maximum protection against osteoporosis, which then increases the risk for adverse health effects. A 2002 study suggested that low doses may still be bone protective, and might also reduce health risks associated with HRT.

Other Possible Benefits of HRT

• Diabetes. Studies report that HRT may protect against diabetes, including in women with heart disease. Because of the risks with HRT, however, such findings do not indicate that HRT should be recommended for this purpose.
• Colon Cancer. Hormone replacement therapy, with or without progesterone, is associated with a reduced risk of colon cancer. Older women who are at risk for colon cancer might discuss hormone replacement therapy with their physicians if they have no strong risk factors for the adverse effects of HRT.

Click the icon to see an image of colon cancer.

Adverse Effects of HRT.

• Heart Disease. In spite of estrogen's benefits on cholesterol levels and other factors that affect the heart, evidence suggests that HRT does not prevent heart disease. In fact, it may actually be harmful for women with existing heart disease, at least in the first few years, and may also worsen the outlook after a heart attack. However, a 2004 review of 30 studies found that HRT does not significantly impact mortality from cardiovascular disease.
• Stroke. Studies have reported a slightly increased risk of stroke in women taking HRT within the first two years of treatment and in HRT users with a history of major stroke or small strokes (transient ischemic attacks). A 2005 review found that HRT increased the risk of stroke, particularly ischemic (a type of stroke caused by an interruption in blood flow to part of the brain) stroke. In addition, HRT appears to worsen the outlook for women who have had a stroke.
• Mental Decline. Observational studies had suggested that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) helped prevent mental decline and even Alzheimer's disease after menopause. Other studies have found no differences in mental performance and no protection from Alzheimer's disease in women taking HRT compared to non-users. In fact, a 2004 review of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study found that combined HRT did not reduce the risk of cognitive impairment, and actually increased the risk of dementia among women ages 65 and over.
• Thromboembolism. HRT is associated with a higher risk for thromboembolism, in which blood clots form in deep veins. This places women at risk for pulmonary embolism, in which the blood clot travels to the lungs.

Click the icon to see an image of a pulmonary embolism.

• Breast Cancer. Because growth of breast tissue is highly sensitive to estrogens, the more a woman is exposed to estrogen over her lifetime, the higher the risk for breast cancer. A number of studies have now reported a higher risk for breast cancer in postmenopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly with agents that contain both estrogen and progestin. Prolonged use increases the risk. A major study on HRT was stopped because of a slightly higher risk for breast cancer, although it should be noted the overall risk is still quite small. There was no effect, on mortality rates from breast cancer in HRT users. There has been some evidence suggesting that breast cancer in HRT users may have a more favorable outlook, including a lower recurrence rate than nonusers, but not all studies report such findings. HRT-related breast cancer may tend to develop in the lobes of the breast, where it is very slow-growing but more difficult to diagnose. In any case, breast tissue density increases with HRT, making mammograms more difficult to read. A 2005 study indicated that the progestin in HRT may account for the increased breast cancer recurrence risk, suggesting that HRT with no or low progestin is safer than standard combination therapy..
• Endometrial (Uterine) Cancers. Estrogen overstimulates the tissue lining the uterus (the endometrium) and causes uncontrolled cell growth, a condition known as hyperplasia, which is a strong risk factor for cancer. Taking unopposed estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) increases the risk of endometrial cancer at least five-fold. Adding progestin to HRT appears to pose no risk for this cancer.
• Ovarian Cancer. Whether HRT increases the risk for ovarian cancer is unclear, although evidence does seem to suggest a higher risk with the use of unopposed estrogen. Short term used of combined HRT in one study did not increase the incidence of ovarian cancer. Another study reported that women who had used unopposed estrogen or HRT with sequential use (but not continuous use) of progestins were at higher risk. Studies to date, however, have been limited. (It should be noted that ovarian cancer is very uncommon in any case, with the mortality rate being 43 out of every 100,000 women. Even among long-term HRT users this rate increases only to 64.)
• Gallstones. HRT is associated with a higher risk for gallstones in HRT users.

Other Prescription Agents Used For Osteoporosis

Calcitonin. Produced by the thyroid gland, natural calcitonin regulates calcium levels by inhibiting the osteoclastic activity, the breakdown of bone. The drug version is derived from salmon and is available as a nasal spray (Miacalcin) and in injected form (Calcimar). Calcitonin is not used to prevent osteoporosis; it is used to treat osteoporosis. It may be effective for spinal protection (but not hip) in both men and women. Calcitonin may be an alternative for patients who cannot take a bisphosphonate or SERM. It also appears to help relieve bone pain associated with established osteoporosis and fracture.

Low-Dose Parathyroid Injections. Although high persistent levels of parathyroid hormone can cause osteoporosis, daily injections of low and intermittent doses of this hormone actually stimulates bone production. Unlike most treatments for osteoporosis, including bisphosphonates, the benefits may persist even after the injections have been stopped. Teriparatide (Forteo), an agent made from selected amino acids found in parathyroid hormone, has now been approved for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Studies suggest it significantly lowers the risk of fracture and increases bone mineral density. In one small study, parathyroid significantly reduced spinal fractures compared to hormone replacement therapy.

Prescription Agents Used for Menopausal Symptoms

Oral Contraceptives. Oral contraceptives (OCs) contain both estrogen and progestins. They generally use more potent forms of estrogen than those used for HRT and had not been thought suitable for replacement therapy. However, during the months before menopause, when periods may be irregular but contraception is still needed, low-dose forms of OCs may reduce the risk for bone loss and alleviate early menopausal symptoms, such as hot flashes. Like HRT they may protect bones in women approaching menopause (although they may have adverse effects on bones in young women.) Unlike HRT, they also protect against ovarian and endometrial cancers and do not appear to increase the risk for breast cancer. (Most studies on OCs, however, have been conducted with young women. The risks for women reaching menopause are not yet clear).

Antidepressants. The antidepressants known as selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be used for managing mood changes and hot flashes. They include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil, Asimia).

Testosterone. Some doctors are now prescribing combinations of estrogen and small amounts of the male hormone, testosterone. Estratest, for example, adds small doses of testosterone to estrogen therapy and appears to increase bone mass, improve sexual drive (when taken in higher doses), and improve mental alertness. A testosterone patch is also showing some promise in improve sexual function and well-being. Side effects of testosterone include increased body hair, acne, fluid retention, anxiety, and depression. It also adversely affects cholesterol and lipid levels. Long-term benefits or other adverse effects are unknown.

Bellergal. Bellergal is the only non-hormonal drug specifically approved for hot flashes and other menopausal symptoms. This drug contains phenobarbital and belladonna and can be addictive. It relieves symptoms about half the time. It is not recommended in most cases.

Gabapentin. Several small studies suggest that gabapentin (Neurontin, a drug used for many neurologic conditions) may alleviate hot flashes. More research is needed. The drug is expensive and may cause sleepiness, dizziness, and clumsiness.

Resources

• www.menopause.org -- North American Menopause Society
• www.nof.org -- National Osteoporosis Foundation
• www.acog.com -- American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
• www.womenshealthnetwork.org -- National Women's Health Network
• www.nia.nih.gov -- National Institute on Aging

References

Espeland MA, Rapp SR, Shumaker SA et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and global cognitive function in postmenopausal women: Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004; 291: 2959–2968.

Messina M, Ho S, Alekel DL. Skeletal benefits of soy isoflavones: a review of the clinical trial and epidemiologic data. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7(6):649-658.

Ridker, PM, Cannon, CP, Morrow, D. C-Reactive Protein Levels and Outcomes after Statin Therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):20-28.

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